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Standardized specialist training is key to postgraduate medical education. China is introducing the specialist training programs, yet without covering specialist training in obstetrics and gynecology(O&G). Shanghai took the lead in 2003 to pilot O&G specialists training programs within the region. This study introduced the specialist training programs in O&G in the US, and compared them with those in Shanghai, and recommending on launching O&G specialist training nationwide based on China′s specifics.
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Objective To monitor the clinical distribution of Gram-positive pathogen infection and drug-resistance situation in hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract, and guide rational application of antibiotics. Methods The isolated cultures results and drug sensitivity test result of 1 219 sputum specimens in hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract were studied. Results The 1 249 strains were isolated from 1 219 sputum specimen samples. Among which, Gram-positive pathogen was 318 strains, accounting for 25.46% (318/1 249). In 318 strains Gram-positive pathogens, staphylococcus aureus was 127 strains (39.94% ), streptococcus pneumoniae was 92 strains (28.93% ), staphylococcus epidermidis was 76 strains (23.90%), and enterococcus was 23 strains (7.23%). Then, different strains of pathogens showed totally disparate drug-resistance situations, especially towards penicillin, and the drug resistant rate was highest (89.62% , 285/318), while the drug resistant rates were also high among erythromycin, cefazolin, oxacillin, azithromycin and clindamycin: 66.67% (212/318), 52.52% (167/318), 49.06% (156/318), 49.06% (156/318) and 43.08% (137/318); meanwhile, the isolated Gram-positive pathogens showed no drug-resistance to vancomycin and linezolid. Conclusions Only using antibiotics rationally according to pathogen identification and drug sensitivity test result, can effectively control the pathogen infections.
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Objective To understand the molecular epidemiology characteristics and its drug resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the urban area of Jilin and to provide important basis for guiding the clinical medication and prevention of the MRSA infection. Methods One hundred and three strains of MRSA from July 2013 to July 2014 in the urban area of Jilin were selected. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology and multiple polymerase chain reaction were used to detect mecA gene and Staphylococcus chromosomal cassette mec typing (SCCmec) genotype of MRSA. The drug sensitivity test for 13 kinds of clinical common antibacterial drugs were detected by using the K-B method. And the source of the strains were analyzed. Results The results of SCCmec genotype of MRSA showed that SCCmecⅢtype were 62 strains, accounting for 60.2%;SCCmecⅡtype were 39 strains, accounting for 37.9%; failing to parting were 2 strains,accounting for 1.9%. Drug susceptibility test results showed that all of 103 MRSA strains were resistant to cefoxitin, cefazolin, penicillin and benzene, and drug resistance rate was 100.0%. The resistant rate to erythromycin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, gentamicin and rifampin were 96.1%, 93.2%, 95.1%, 91.3%, 90.3%and 55.3%receptively;the resistant rate to sulfamethoxazolewas was only 1.9%;and the resistant strains to vancomycin and teicoplanin were not detected. The top three department of the distribution of the strains source were department of neurosurgery (31.1%), ICU (19.4%) and burn plastic surgery (17.5%). Conclusions The SCCmecⅢtype is the main MRSA epidemic strains, and SCCmec type II is a minor epidemic strainin the urban area of Jilin. The antibiotic resistance of MRSA is a serious problem with multiple drug resistance, but MRSA is sensitive to vancomycin and teicoplanin.
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Objective To investigate the detection of IMP andVIM metallo-β-lactamases (MβLs)genes in clinically iso-lated gram-negative bacteria as well as bacterial resistance toβ-lactam antimicrobial agents.Methods 113 clinically isolated bacteria were performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Kirby-Bauer method ,drug-resistant genes IMP and VIM were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR),PCR products were sequenced and aligned with BLAST software. Results VIM gene was detected in 1 Pseudomonas fluorescens strain ,IMP gene was detected in 15 strains ,they were Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=6),Acinetobacter baumannii (n=3),Escherichia coli (n=2),Ralstonia picket-tii (n=1),Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=1 ),Citrobacter amalonaticua (n=1 ),and Enterobacter cloacae (n=1 ). BLAST results showed that VIM gene was VIM-2 subtype,similarity with gene bank was 99%;all IMP genes were IMP-1 subtype,which were highly homologous ,similarity was 98%-99%.Resistant rates of IMP positive strains to ceftriaxone,cefotaxime,cefoxitin,aztreonam and imipenem were all significantly higher than negative strains (all P <0.05).Conclusion IMP genes of different strains are highly homologous,all are IMP-1 type,indi-cating that IMP genes are highly transmissible and can spread among different species of bacteria.IMP genes are related with resistance ofβ-lactam antimicrobial agents.
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Objective:To construct the recombinant nonstructural P_2C plasmid in coxsackie B4 virus.Methods:Using the RT-PCR,we fishing the nonstructural protein P_2C cDNA fraction from Coxsackie B4 virus(CVB4) and cloning into the PUCm-T vector, then transfer it into E.coli to construct the recombinant plasmid.Results:Using the total RNA of Coxsackie B4 virus as model, we amplied 987 bp fraction and cloned into PUCm-T vector identifying with BamH Ⅰ and Hind Ⅲ double enzyme.Its products were consistent with nonstructural protein P_2C PCR productions.Conclusion:The recombinant nonstructural P_2C plasmid was constructed succesfully in coxsackie B4 virus.
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Objective:To establish an indirect immunofluorescence assay for detection of serum IgG antibody against HHV-6,and to detected antibodies of HHV-6 in Changchun city.Methods:Cord blood mononuclear cells infected by HHV-6 strain GS were used to prepare cell antigen slide so as to establish an IFA and was used detect the HHV-6 antibody level in serum for Changchun city population.Results:An indirect immunofluorescence assay was established for detection of serum IgG antibody against HHV-6,at the same time the HHV-6 antibody level in serum for Changchun city population have been detected,and positive rate of HHV-6 antibody was 65.2%.Conclusion:A specific IFA has been established successfully for the investigation of HHV-6 infection.
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AIM: To observe the changes of serum nitric oxide and the production level of IL-1 in different period of coxsackievirus B 4 (CB 4V)-induced insulin-dependent diabetic mice.METHODS: The insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) animal model induced by CB 4V infection was established. Serum nitric oxide level was estimated by nitrate reductase method after infection 72 h,1 week, 3 weeks,6 weeks,8 weeks, respectively. At the same time, level of IL-1 produced by peritoneal M? was measued.RESULTS: (1) Changes of serum nitric oxide: serum nitric oxide level in control group remained normal level. The serum nitric oxide level in diabetic group increased significantly at 72 h after infection(P0.05). (2) IL-1 activities: IL-1 activities were increased obviously from 72 h to 3 weeks after virus infection, but decreased to normal level after 6 weeks.CONCLUSION: Nitric oxide may be one of the important factors in the development of CB 4V-induced IDDM.
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Objective:To find out the applied value of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase(GAD)-Ab in diagnosis,classification nad forecast in diabetesy.Methods:GAD-Ab in serum of 45 patients with type Ⅰ diabetes mellitus was measured by ELISA method,compared with 25 patients in type Ⅱ diabetes and 60 normal persons as control groups.Results:The positive rate of GAD-Ab in type Ⅰ diabetics.On the contrary,there is no positive patients in normal persons.Conclusion:There is applied value of GAD-Ab in diagnosis,classification and was 76 64%(33/43),have significantly difference compared with type Ⅱ diabetics prospection on diabetes.